Comprehensive glossary of 100+ endocrine conditions. Browse by category, search by name, and find definitions, causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each disorder. Curated by Bangalore's leading endocrinologists.
An autoimmune condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormone. Causes: Immune system attacks thyroid tissue. Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin. Treatment: Levothyroxine hormone replacement therapy.
An autoimmune disorder causing excess thyroid hormone production. Causes: Genetic predisposition with environmental triggers. Symptoms: Weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, heat intolerance, hand tremor. Treatment: Antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine ablation, or thyroidectomy.
Lumps or growths within the thyroid gland, most are benign. Causes: Iodine deficiency, thyroiditis, or rarely thyroid cancer. Symptoms: Often none; may cause neck lump, swallowing difficulty, or voice changes. Management: Ultrasound monitoring, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, or surgical removal if suspicious.
Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland with excellent prognosis. Causes: Radiation exposure, genetic mutations, family history. Symptoms: Neck lump, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes. Treatment: Total thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy, TSH suppression therapy.
Underactive thyroid during pregnancy requiring careful management. Causes: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency. Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, poor fetal growth, increased miscarriage risk. Treatment: Levothyroxine dose adjustment with frequent monitoring.
Autoimmune inflammation of orbital tissues in Graves' disease. Causes: Autoantibodies attack eye muscles and fat. Symptoms: Bulging eyes (proptosis), double vision, dry eyes, eyelid retraction. Treatment: Steroids, orbital decompression surgery, teprotumumab, or radiation.
Painful inflammation of the thyroid gland, often post-viral. Causes: Viral infection (mumps, Coxsackie). Symptoms: Neck pain, fever, fatigue, transient hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism. Treatment: NSAIDs, beta-blockers, corticosteroids for severe cases.
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. Causes: Iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's, Graves' disease, thyroid nodules. Symptoms: Visible neck swelling, fullness, breathing or swallowing difficulty. Treatment: Iodine supplementation, levothyroxine, or surgical removal for large goiters.
Thyroid dysfunction caused by amiodarone, a heart medication. Causes: High iodine content in amiodarone triggers thyroiditis. Symptoms: Can cause either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Treatment: Dose adjustment of amiodarone, antithyroid drugs, or levothyroxine as needed.
Endocrine side effects from lithium therapy used in psychiatric disorders. Causes: Lithium interferes with thyroid hormone synthesis. Symptoms: Goiter, hypothyroidism, rarely hypercalcemia. Treatment: Levothyroxine supplementation while continuing lithium therapy.
Thyroid inflammation occurring within the first year after childbirth. Causes: Autoimmune flare triggered by pregnancy immune changes. Symptoms: Transient hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism; fatigue, palpitations. Treatment: Symptomatic management; most recover normal thyroid function within 12-18 months.
Height below the 3rd percentile for age and gender. Causes: Familial short stature, constitutional delay, hormonal disorders, chronic illness. Symptoms: Slower growth rate than peers. Management: Growth monitoring, bone age assessment, treat underlying cause.
Temporary growth delay with delayed bone age and puberty. Causes: Genetic tendency, normal variant. Symptoms: Short during childhood with late growth spurt; final adult height normal. Management: Reassurance, monitoring, no treatment needed in most cases.
Short stature with no identifiable medical cause. Causes: Unknown; not due to GH deficiency or chronic disease. Symptoms: Height significantly below average with normal growth velocity. Treatment: Recombinant growth hormone may be considered in severe cases.
Insufficient growth hormone production by the pituitary gland. Causes: Congenital, pituitary tumors, cranial radiation, trauma. Symptoms: Very slow growth, delayed bone age, young facial appearance. Treatment: Daily subcutaneous recombinant growth hormone injections.
Excess growth hormone before growth plate closure causing excessive height. Causes: Pituitary adenoma secreting GH. Symptoms: Rapid excessive growth, tall stature, large hands/feet. Treatment: Transsphenoidal surgery, somatostatin analogs, or radiotherapy.
Infants with birth weight/height below 10th percentile. Causes: Intrauterine growth restriction, placental insufficiency, maternal factors. Symptoms: Small at birth; most catch up by age 2. Treatment: Growth hormone therapy for those who remain short.
Onset of puberty before age 8 in girls or 9 in boys. Causes: Idiopathic, CNS tumors, genetic syndromes. Symptoms: Early breast development, pubic hair, growth spurt. Treatment: GnRH analogs to pause puberty until appropriate age.
Absence of puberty by age 13 in girls or 14 in boys. Causes: Constitutional delay, hypogonadism, chronic illness. Symptoms: Lack of secondary sexual characteristics. Treatment: Observation for constitutional delay; sex hormone therapy for hypogonadism.
Early onset of adrenal androgen production before age 8. Causes: Benign early maturation of adrenal glands. Symptoms: Early pubic/axillary hair, body odor, no breast/testes enlargement. Management: Monitoring for progression to true precocious puberty; usually benign.
A normally formed penis that is stretched length below 2.5 SD for age. Causes: Hormonal deficiencies (GHD, hypogonadism). Symptoms: Small penile size at birth, otherwise normal structure. Treatment: Short course of testosterone to stimulate growth; evaluate for underlying endocrine disorders.
Missing or underactive thyroid gland present from birth. Causes: Thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis. Symptoms: Poor feeding, jaundice, constipation, large fontanelles, lethargy. Treatment: Lifelong levothyroxine therapy started immediately after diagnosis.
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism occurring in children and adolescents. Causes: Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. Symptoms: Weight loss, palpitations, poor school performance, tremor, goiter. Treatment: Antithyroid medications (methimazole) as first-line; RAI or surgery if refractory.
Autoimmune thyroiditis causing hypothyroidism in pediatric patients. Causes: Genetic predisposition, autoimmune. Symptoms: Goiter, fatigue, slow growth, weight gain, delayed puberty. Treatment: Levothyroxine replacement when TSH is elevated.
Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in children and adolescents. Causes: Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history. Symptoms: Frequent urination, excessive thirst, acanthosis nigricans. Treatment: Metformin, lifestyle modification, weight loss, ± insulin if severe.
Low blood glucose in newborns requiring prompt identification. Causes: Maternal diabetes, prematurity, SGA, hyperinsulinism. Symptoms: Jitteriness, poor feeding, hypothermia, seizures in severe cases. Treatment: Frequent feeds, IV dextrose, monitor glucose levels.
Persistent insulin excess from birth causing severe hypoglycemia. Causes: Genetic mutations affecting insulin secretion regulation. Symptoms: Recurrent severe hypoglycemia, macrosomia. Treatment: Diazoxide, octreotide, or subtotal pancreatectomy for refractory cases.
Bone softening due to vitamin D deficiency in children. Causes: Inadequate sun exposure, poor dietary intake, malabsorption. Symptoms: Bowed legs, bone pain, delayed walking, growth retardation. Treatment: High-dose vitamin D supplementation with calcium.
X-linked dominant disorder causing renal phosphate wasting. Causes: PHEX gene mutation leading to FGF23 excess. Symptoms: Bowed legs, short stature, dental abscesses. Treatment: Oral phosphate supplements and active vitamin D (calcitriol).
Genetic disorder causing brittle bones that fracture easily. Causes: Collagen type 1 gene mutations (COL1A1/COL1A2). Symptoms: Frequent fractures, blue sclera, hearing loss, short stature. Management: Bisphosphonates, physical therapy, orthopedic surgery for fractures.
Rare genetic disorder with defective bone mineralization. Causes: ALPL gene mutation causing low alkaline phosphatase. Symptoms: Poor bone mineralization, fractures, premature tooth loss. Treatment: Enzyme replacement therapy (asfotase alfa) for severe cases.
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